letter writing Essay Example for Free

letter writing Essay The article is about the use of letter writing within the therapeutic context of counseling among the adolescents. According to the article, note writing and passing is common among adolescents because it function as an outlet to test their new ideas and behaviors while receiving their peer’s feedback. It also provides a place for them to implement their emerging self concept and connect with their peers as they connect with their peers as they develop their autonomy.   Article also discussed the advantage of letter writing compared to a conversation. Obviously, a spoken word may fade over time but written words are more permanent. The author also mentioned the uses of letter in counseling such as correspondence between counselor and client, elaboration of important elements of discussions that occurred during the sessions, client empowerment through altered personal narratives, and identification of client strengths. Meanwhile, the author also explained the theoretical basis for the use of letter writing. One of the theory that the author links to letter writing is the Morita Therapy. France, Cadieax, and Allen (1995) conceptualize letter writing as an opportunity for counseling to take place without disruption of the individuals everyday life through traditionally scheduled counseling sessions. The other on is the narrative therapy which allow both the counselor and adolescent client to benefit from letter-writing techniques. On the other hand, the most important part of the article is the guidelines for using letter writing intervention among adolescents. First, look for exceptions to the problem and unique outcomes. Then, assume that the adolescent has strengths and resources. Lastly, problems should be externalized through the use of language. Finally, the author discussed about the types of therapeutics letter before she reached the conclusion.   These are letters between counselors and clients, letters from counselors to clients, letters from clients to themselves. Victoria E White, Melissa A Murray. Journal of Mental Health Counseling. Alexandria:Apr 2002. Vol. 24, Iss. 2, p. 166-176 (11 pp.)

The Hazards of Ocean Pollution Essay -- Ocean Pollution

The Hazards of Ocean Pollution Basic Facts Ocean Pollution is a serious issue in today's global politics. The delicate balance of Earth's ecosystem is put in jeopardy when the ocean is not clean. Problem evolving from ocean pollution directly harm marine life and indirectly affect human health and the Earth's many valuable resources. Ocean Pollution is a Broad term that encpompasses any and all foregin matter that directly or indirectly makes its way into the ocean. This includes everything from the extreme: oil spills, Toxic Waste dumping and industrial dumping-- to the small scael: human activities and basic carelessness. Because the oceans and all other water bodies are invariably, somehow connected, and because they account for 3/4 of the Earth's surface, they are an ideal method of transportation for pollution, allowing the rapid spread of seemingly far away toxins into a river near you! It is increasingly important that we educate ourselves as to what, exactly, ocean pollution is, so that we can identify the causes at t heir source and take action in small and large ways, and hopefully, prevent this terrible form of pollution from getting any worse than it is today. Oil Leaks and Spills Because it is the most highly publicized of the different forms of ocean pollution, oil spills, oil leakages, and general oil contamination are something that we all seem to be aware of. Since the Exxon Valdez incident, the American public in particular has been more and more critical of oil companies.Each year, over 700 million gallons of oil end up in the ocean. Contrary to what you may have thought, most oil pollution doesn't come from tanker accidents. In fact, tanker accidents account for less than 90 million of the g... ... In 1995, an important event marked a victory for the national GreenPeace organization, and for humans alike. The Brent Spar oil installation was not allowed to be dumped into the ocean. The importance of this decision lied in the fact that there were over 600 oil installations that would someday expire just as the Brent Spar had. When the decision was made to not allow the dumping, it set a precident that the other installations would not be allowed to be dumped, either. The main source of ocean dumping is sewage sludge. The sewage pipes and storm drains often share space. Heavy rainfall can flood these pipes, causing the contents to mix and overflow. After that, waste can be carried along with storm water, into nearby water sources. Harmfull Effects of Ocean dumping include animals in danger with trash in their habitat, as well as contamination of public waters. The Hazards of Ocean Pollution Essay -- Ocean Pollution The Hazards of Ocean Pollution Basic Facts Ocean Pollution is a serious issue in today's global politics. The delicate balance of Earth's ecosystem is put in jeopardy when the ocean is not clean. Problem evolving from ocean pollution directly harm marine life and indirectly affect human health and the Earth's many valuable resources. Ocean Pollution is a Broad term that encpompasses any and all foregin matter that directly or indirectly makes its way into the ocean. This includes everything from the extreme: oil spills, Toxic Waste dumping and industrial dumping-- to the small scael: human activities and basic carelessness. Because the oceans and all other water bodies are invariably, somehow connected, and because they account for 3/4 of the Earth's surface, they are an ideal method of transportation for pollution, allowing the rapid spread of seemingly far away toxins into a river near you! It is increasingly important that we educate ourselves as to what, exactly, ocean pollution is, so that we can identify the causes at t heir source and take action in small and large ways, and hopefully, prevent this terrible form of pollution from getting any worse than it is today. Oil Leaks and Spills Because it is the most highly publicized of the different forms of ocean pollution, oil spills, oil leakages, and general oil contamination are something that we all seem to be aware of. Since the Exxon Valdez incident, the American public in particular has been more and more critical of oil companies.Each year, over 700 million gallons of oil end up in the ocean. Contrary to what you may have thought, most oil pollution doesn't come from tanker accidents. In fact, tanker accidents account for less than 90 million of the g... ... In 1995, an important event marked a victory for the national GreenPeace organization, and for humans alike. The Brent Spar oil installation was not allowed to be dumped into the ocean. The importance of this decision lied in the fact that there were over 600 oil installations that would someday expire just as the Brent Spar had. When the decision was made to not allow the dumping, it set a precident that the other installations would not be allowed to be dumped, either. The main source of ocean dumping is sewage sludge. The sewage pipes and storm drains often share space. Heavy rainfall can flood these pipes, causing the contents to mix and overflow. After that, waste can be carried along with storm water, into nearby water sources. Harmfull Effects of Ocean dumping include animals in danger with trash in their habitat, as well as contamination of public waters.

Numerous poems Essay

Numerous poems tackle the theme of loneliness using invented or any of the variety of available poetic forms. Most often, the feeling is expressed through either a single and extended metaphor or through a number of interconnected imageries with the purpose of creating a tight and unified construction that would arouse the reader’s empathy towards the poem’s meaning. In poems like these, the focus is the metaphors used to put the theme across. The form is also important, but secondary to content. However, for other poets meaning can be conveyed equally by both content and form. For e. e. cumming, the form can even dictate the metaphor. His post-modernist poem â€Å"leaf falls on loneliness† illustrates how structure can be used to communicate the meaning of a poem even more that its metaphor, thus evoking varied and more vast experiences with the reading. The nine-line poem consists of one to five letters per line. Seven lines are made up of two letters each, one line has three letters, while the longest final line has five. The entire poem spells out the word â€Å"loneliness†. The word is interrupted, however, by a phrase written inside a parenthesis: â€Å"a leaf falls†. The interruption occurs after the first letter, cutting off the letter â€Å"l† from the rest of the word. The irregularity in the grouping of letters is not arbitrary. The form of the poem obviously seeks to approximate the fall of a leaf. One could imagine the leaf as it sways from side to side, then twirls in space looking like a narrow spinning band, until it eventually rests flat on the ground during the poem’s longest final line. The visual fall makes the reader understand the poem’s metaphor: loneliness, like a falling leaf, is a sinking feeling. The image of a falling leaf is a cliche but e. e. cummings makes his poem different not only by employing a unique structure scheme but also by putting both the metaphorical image and the theme stated plainly together in the poem. A greeting card or an amateur exposition would attempt to define the word â€Å"loneliness†. An inferior poet would only focus on the â€Å"falling leaf† metaphor and wax poetic about the possible meanings behind the image. Cummings put both together and in the process does not only call the reader’s attention to the connection of the words with the image but, because of the placement of the letters, raises other points of discussion. For instance, the detachment of the letter â€Å"l† from the word â€Å"loneliness† only means that to be lonely means to be detached from the rest of humanity as much as a falling leaf gets detached from the rest of the leaves in a branch. This is further emphasized with the parenthesis, another symbol of breaking-off one part from the whole where it came from. Still another interpretation for the interruption may be that the feeling of loneliness occurs when one’s life is interrupted by the sight of a falling leaf, which is a metaphor for many sad things in life. Also, the letter â€Å"l† in the first line, which reappears on the eighth line, may also be read as the number one, a solitary figure. A lonely person feels alone. Finally, the poem’s form and metaphors bring upon the reader’s mind other images of loneliness. The metaphor of the falling leaf recalls autumn with its falling leaves, people at the brink of death or snow on a bleak winter’s night falling on a desolate landscape. All these pictures are used in many poems expounding on the same theme and all these associations will be awakened within the reader because while the poem is sparse, it has the ability to involve the reader to deep thought. Meanwhile, the slimness of the poem evokes the briefness of life. At the same time, it could mean the fluid downward movement of life, after one has passed the prime of life, the individual slows down to old age until he dies, and nothing would remain eventually. At first glance, the disinterested reader may think that e. e. cummings has employed gimmickry with â€Å"leaf falls on loneliness. † Closer inspection and repeated readings would prove, however, that unlike most poems whose beauty rests on the metaphors used in the lines, the form of a poem can also be exploited to be the metaphor itself. It can elicit so many associations, making the reading more profound as when one tries to make meanings out of words in another poem. Cumming’s poem is a great example of how form can also dictate the beauty of a poem.

Abortion Has Been An Astonishingly - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1921 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/10/31 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Planned Parenthood Essay Did you like this example? Abortion has been an astonishingly controversial and disunited argument throughout the years and it has undoubtedly affected every branch of American government. There are several conservative groups of people that are strictly pro-life, where their biggest concern is the potential fetus and what they consider as murder taking place. Meanwhile, other groups of people, who are typically more liberal, are in favor of the right to a choice. They typically argue in consideration of a womans right to make her own decisions concerning her body and the right to privacy. At a glance, there is no possibility of compromise, because it is a significant emotional and divided argument; in a political system that depends on bargaining, negotiation, and compromise to create governing majorities, the abortion controversy was bound to be problematic and unyielding (Craig). There is no simple solution because regardless of what the verdict is in cases concerning abortion, there will be an excessive amount of people upset. The Supreme Court case of Planned Parenthood v. Casey was no exception; it not only went over the Courts previous ruling in Roe v. Wade, but it also touched on subjects that hadnt been considered in previous cases. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Abortion Has Been An Astonishingly" essay for you Create order Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey took place in 1992 when five abortion clinics and a doctor made the decision to challenge Robert P. Casey, the Governor of Pennsylvania. The Court reviewed issues that werent present in the precedent cases of Roe v. Wade (1973) and Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989). The main constitutional issue that all of these cases had in common concerned the right to privacy. The Supreme Court never ruled on the standards states could follow when establishing restrictions on abortion laws, which caused the laws of each state to vary. The constitutional issue at hand with abortion falls into the right of privacy and the substantive due process, which is the principle that governmental action abridging a persons life, liberty, or property interests must serve a legitimate governmental policy (Perry). Overall, the Court was looking at each provision that was already in place and determined if they caused an undue burden on women. The debate in Casey was centered around the constitutionality of the Pennsylvania Abortion Control Act of 1892. This act was revised in 1988 and then again in 1989, both of which continually added regulation laws that limited access to abortion. Many pro-choice organizations were extremely upset by this act and decided to take action against it. Within the Pennsylvania law, the doctor performing an abortion was required to receive a statement from the patient before the procedure stating that she had notified her spouse about the procedure (Graber). The alternative options for the woman were to provide a statement that concluded her husband was not the man who impregnated her, that she couldnt locate her husband, that she believed that notifying her husband poses a threat, or that spousal sexual assault had taken place, which she had reported. If a doctor were to perform the procedure without a signed statement from the woman, they would consequently lose their licenses. If a woman p rovided false information in her statement, she would be found guilty of a third-degree misdemeanor. Planned Parenthood made the decision to file a lawsuit against the state, contending that the Abortion Control Act breached the Supreme Courts directive in Roe v. Wade. After the Pennsylvania court upheld all of the provisions except for the spousal notification, pro-choice groups were determined to take it the Supreme Court. Historically, the Supreme Court enforced the substantive due process and used this principle to degrade state and federal legislation that differed from the Courts perspective of rightful policy. In the late 1930s, Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed new Justices to the Court. This new court reacted to anticipated judicial excesses of new generations by dismissing the use of the substantive due process to discredit state and federal legislation. Over the next 25 years, there was a period between the old substantive due process and the growth of the new version. During this time, the Court didnt properly dismiss the principle of substantive due process; occasionally the Court would investigate whether challenged legislation was persistent with this principle. However, the Courts review of the process was so submissive to the legislation that it was questioned to be highly insignificant. An example of this taking place would be the court case of Williamson v. Lee Optical Co. in 1955. In the mid-1960s, the Court began to change direction. In the case of Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), the Court recognizes the constitutional right of privacy to declare that a state doesnt have the right to prohibit the use of contraceptives for married people. In Eisenstadt v. Baird (1972), the verdict was based on equal protection grounds. This court ruled that a state couldnt ban the use of contraceptives for single people as well. In Roe v. Wade, the court declared that the due process clause of the 14th amendment bans a state from restricting a womans access to an abortion during the period of pregnancy before a fetuss viability. In the Roe case, the court executed a firm version of the substantive due process provision because the criminal ban of abortion defied in Roe diminished a fundamental liberty interest of the woman. Clearly, the Constitution states nothing about abortion as it was nonexistent in that time. Due to this, the courts decision in Roe v. Wade is a clear repr esentation of judicial activism. The main complaints from critics concern the legitimacy of judicial activism (Colker). It is imperative to note how society perceived abortion in this day to understand how the court and the public felt about the issues in this case. Throughout the years, public opinion polls have continuously shown a strong split between pro-life and pro-choice supporters. As shown, with a strict split comes many controversies and disagreements. Through the 1990s, there continued to be a strong negative stigma towards abortion. During the ?80s and ?90s, many abortion clinics were being bombed throughout the country (Kuersten). Conservative people were violently acting out in protest against abortion. It was common to find groups of people outside of abortion clinics to try to scare or intimidate women out of the procedure. Meanwhile, more liberal groups were actively protesting for their right to an abortion. The people of the U.S. knew it was going to be interesting to see if the court would reaffirm or overturn Roe v. Wade as the Supreme Court was now more ideologically conservative than at the time Roe had taken place. Once the case made it to the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals was the cause of many of the restrictions; however, not including the spousal notification mandate. In this case, the Court had to come to a conclusion to either affirm or overturn Roe v. Wade. The court had come to a split decision in which the majority of what was previously declared in Roe would remain in place. The appellate court determined that the informed consent and 24-hour waiting period provisions were fair. It was decided that women would be required to be informed of the possible outcomes of the procedure and the woman must verify in writing that she was aware of the risks. For minors, the lower court decided to keep the parental consent provision. The Court also decided to uphold the judicial bypass option where there is an exception in which a minor can ask a court to determine if she is mature enough to make the decision without her parents involved or if notifying the parents could potentially cause har m to the minor. In the end, there was a 5-4 decision between a deeply divided bench. Justice Sandra Day OConnor wrote the decision that refused to uphold the pregnancy trimester format found in Roe v. Wade. The Court believed that these regulations based on viability minimized the interest of the potential life at hand. The official opinion for the case was authored by Justices OConnor, Kennedy, and Souter. The Supreme Court upheld every provision except for the spousal notification provision. Due to the strict scrutiny of this provision, the appellate court came to the conclusion that it unduly burdened women by possibly open them to spousal abuse, violence, and economic duress by their spouse. The Court ruled that spousal notifications would be overturned because it could potentially prevent a high number of women from getting abortions; this is especially accurate for women who were victims of physical or psychological abuse. The Court declared a right to liberty in the Due Process Clause which mentions bodily integrity and privacy interests as to whether or not to continue or terminate a pregnancy (West). However, the informed consent provisions didnt consistently work with this right. This ruling gave states the opportunity to have more leeway to set regulations for abortion. State laws are required to balance the constitutional right to abortion and the interest in potential life; a state law is unconstitutional, the Court ruled, if its purpose or effect is to ?place a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion before the fetus obtains viability (Kuersten). Therefore, if a law made abortion increasingly difficult or more expensive to receive, it would be declared unconstitutional. The ruling in Casey changed the future of abortion indefinitely. This had a deep effect on reproductive healthcare in the United States and changed the legal standard by which regulations are appraised. Although the verdict in Casey re-established a womans right to an abortion, it also expanded new restrictive legislation as well. These new regulations have most profoundly been shown to affect young, underprivileged, rural, and minority women. Cases such as these pave the way for future court cases to come about and challenge the states role in regulating womens healthcare. This case was undeniably important to the U.S. and has been used as a precedent in several other cases, such as, Stenberg v. Carhart (2000), Gonzales v. Carhart (2007), and Whole Womans Health v. Hellerstedt (2016) (Oyez). Works Cited Colker, Ruth. Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992). Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States, edited by David S. Tanenhaus, vol. 4, Macmillan Reference USA, 2008, pp. 47-49. Gale Virtual Reference Library, https://link.galegroup.com.lsproxy.austincc.edu/apps/doc/CX3241200773/GVRL?u=txshracd2487sid=GVRLxid=e56c9923. Accessed 16 Oct. 2018. Craig, Barbara Hinkson, and David M. OBrien. Abortion and American Politics. Chatham House Publ, 1993. Graber, Mark A. Planned Parenthood V. Casey. American Governance, edited by Stephen Schechter, et al., vol. 4, Macmillan Reference USA, 2016, pp. 36-37. Gale Virtual Reference Library, https://link.galegroup.com.lsproxy.austincc.edu/apps/doc/CX3629100481/GVRL?u=txshracd2487sid=GVRLxid=b1123112. Accessed 2 Oct. 2018. Kuersten, Ashlyn K. Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992). Womens Rights in the United States: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Issues, Events, and People, edited by Tiffany K. Wayne and Lois Banner, vol. 4: Third-Wave and Global Feminisms (1990â€Å"Present), ABC-CLIO, 2015, pp. 179-180. Gale Virtual Reference Library, https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX6194000761/GVRL?u=txshracd2487sid=GVRLxid=dee422c9. Accessed 28 Sept. 2018. Oyez. www.oyez.org/issues/423. Perry, Michael J. Abortion and the Constitution. Encyclopedia of the American Constitution, edited by Leonard W. Levy and Kenneth L. Karst, 2nd ed., vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2000, pp. 4-6. Gale Virtual Reference Library, https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3425000020/GVRL?u=txshracd2487sid=GVRLxid=502d072e. Accessed 16 Oct. 2018. West, Robin. 1994. The Nature of the Right to an Abortion: A Commentary on Professor Brownsteins Analysis of Casey! Hastings Law Journal 45: 961â€Å"967.